Obstetrics and gynecology:

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Recently, the International Papillomavirus Society (IPVS) convened a working group on cervical HPV latency, which resulted in an updated understanding of the HPV natural history. While the previous HPV natural history model considered HPV detection a result of HPV acquisition or possibly re-infection, and loss of HPV detection a result of viral clearance, the updated understanding of the HPV natural history is more nuanced. Thus, HPV detection may occur as a result of autoinoculation, deposition from a recent sex act, or as a redetection of a previously acquired infection. Similarly, loss of HPV detection likely reflects immune control rather than complete viral clearance. As it is practically impossible to identify the "true" source of a new HPV detection or determine why HPV is no longer detectable, we propose that health care providers and researchers use the terminology HPV detected vs HPV not detected. Moreover, we describe the updated understanding in a clinical context. Specifically, we discuss the potential implications of the updated understanding on clinical counseling in screening, and recommendations on cervical screening and HPV vaccination. We also suggest key phrases health care providers may use when counseling women attending routine HPV-based cervical screening.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the developmental potential of zygotes without pronucleus (0PN) and to examine the pregnancy outcomes of euploid blastocysts derived from these zygotes.

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CONCLUSIONS: The advanced secondary Bayesian analysis of data from this meta-analysis suggests that the mean gestational age at birth may differ among the four surgical techniques for prenatal repair of open spina bifida, with a potential advantage for the decrease in preterm births associated with a laparotomy-assisted approach. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, and further direct comparison studies are needed to confirm these observations.

STUDY QUESTION: How frequently do infertility trials report live birth and pregnancy, and how consistently were their definitions reported?