Time-varying intensity of ventilatory inefficiency and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Background

The association between bedside ventilatory parameters-specifically arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO) and ventilatory ratio (VR)-and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a topic of debate. Additionally, the persistence of this association over time is unclear. This study aims to investigate the relationship between 28-day mortality in ARDS patients and their longitudinal exposure to ventilatory inefficiency, as reflected by serial measurements of PaCO and VR.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of four randomized controlled trials (FACTT, ALTA, EDEN, and SAILS) from the ARDS Network. All included patients were intubated and received mechanical ventilation. Patients were excluded if they underwent extracorporeal life support or were on mechanical ventilation for less than one day. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Bayesian joint models were employed to estimate the strength of associations over time.

Results

A total of 2,851 patients were included in our analysis. The overall 28-day mortality rate was 21.3%, with a median duration of invasive mechanical ventilation of 9 days (IQR: 4-28 days). After adjustment, each daily increment in PaCO (HR 1.008, 95% CI 0.997-1.018) was not associated with mortality, while a daily increment in VR (HR 1.548, 95% CI 1.309-1.835) was associated with increased mortality. This association persisted during the prolonged stages (Days 0-23) of mechanical ventilation. Furthermore, a significant increase in the risk of death was related to daily exposure to VR > 2 (HR 1.088 per day, 95% CI 1.034-1.147) and its cumulative effect (HR 1.085 per area, 95% CI 1.050-1.122), whereas PaCO was found to be insignificant.

Conclusion

VR, which reflects ventilatory inefficiency, should be closely monitored during invasive mechanical ventilation. Cumulative exposure to high intensities of VR may be associated with increased mortality in patients with ARDS.

COI Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of four randomized controlled trials, each of which received approval from the institutional review board (IRB) at the respective study centers. All data used in this analysis were de-identified in the datasets provided. Therefore, the requirement for ethical approval and informed consent was waived for this manuscript. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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